Lot 372
Duke of Wellington Battle of Waterloo Contemporaneous Accounts & Letters, 17 items 55 pages. A Tremendous Archive!
"I dwell at this moment with wonder at all I witnessed in them."—Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey
This fascinating archive of letters includes two written just months after the Battle of Waterloo by the commander of the allied cavalry, recounting the cavalry's role. The archive also includes calculations of the probable strength of British, Dutch, and German forces by the Duke of Wellington's military secretary. Four political letters by the Duke of Wellington, written both before and after the Battle of Waterloo, and an undated letter by the Duchess of Wellington indicate the close relationship between Wellington and the recipient of most of the letters, Sir Alexander Allan. Additional letters discuss the political alliances of the Duke of Wellington's older brother, Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley; British military operations in Spain in 1808-1809; and the legacy of the Battle of Waterloo even in the 1840s.
[BATTLE OF WATERLOO.] Archive of 17 letters, 1806-1845. 55 pp., various sizes. In scrapbook, 10.75" x 12.25" x 1.5". Letters attached to pages with adhesive or tape. Scrapbook has worn corners and mostly detached spine; expected folds and minor toning to most letters, generally very good.
Highlights and Excerpts
• Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey to [Alexander Allan?], December 9, 1815, 10 pp.
"Ms Anglesey has just found the sketch of the Quarters of the Cavalry & Horse Artillery which I now forward to you under another cover & she begs you to return it as soon as you have done with it. In compliance with your wishes I add what was Its movements previous to the 18th of June.
"All the Cavalry & the Horse Artillery moved from their Cantonments between 5 & 6 O'ck A.M. of the 16th by Brigades & made a forced march to Quatre Bras, which they reached that night. The light Dragoons only arrived before the close of the Action but they were not engaged.
"At day break of the 17th the Enemy occupied the ground he had taken up the Evening before. No certain Intelligence arrived of the results of the Battle between the Prussians & the French until towards 8 O'Clock when it was ascertained that Blucher's Center had been forced & that he had been compelled to return upon Wavre. This determined the Duke of Wellington to fall back & I was ordered with the whole of the Cavalry & Horse Artillery & with some Battalions of Light Infantry to cover the retreat of the Army, which was in motion by 10 O'Clock. All was quiet until 1 P.M. when a very large body of the Enemies Cavalry & Artillery made its appearance upon the high ground on the left of Quatre Bras & which had come from the pursuit of the Prussians. After a short pause, It advanced & the necessary dispositions having been made & the light Battalions withdrawn, the Cavalry began its retreat in 3 Columns over the River Genappe. The Center Column consisting of the All the Heavy Cavalry, the Horse Artillery & 2 Regiments of Hussars & Lt. Dragoons which formed the Rear Guard, retired thro' Genappe. The Columns of the Flanks consisting of the Hussars & Light Dragoons passed the River by Fords. Some skirmishing & Artillery Cannonade took place in part of the River, but the whole crossed without any serious affair.
"Nothing followed the flank Columns beyond the River, but the Rear Guard of the Center Column was closely pressed thro' Genappe & on the other side where they formed, became so troublesome that it was necessary to check their impetuosity. For this purpose Our Hussars were ordered to attack their Advanced Guard consisting of Lancers & a very spirited attack being soon after made by the Life Guards. It had the desired effect. The Enemy was brought up Cannon & deployed. They attempted to move up our right flank, but this effort was effectually foiled by the well executed movements of Sir W. Ponsonby's Brigade & the heavy state of the ground making it by this time obvious that the Enemy cd not gain our flank. The whole was drawn in upon the main Road & then retired slowly into the position of Waterloo. There was much skirmishing & cannonading during the retreat which was effected in perfect order. The D. of W. had prepared a Battery in his position which opened as the Cavalry entered it. It stopped the Enemies advance & thus finished the affair. The Cavalry bivouacked for the night in 2d Line. You know all about the battle of the 18th"
• Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey to [Alexander Allan?], December 18, 1815, 9 pp.
"I am very glad that the slight sketch I gave you of the movements of the Cavalry up to the 18th of June & the plan of their quarters, are acceptable to you. I wish I cd furnish you with what you want for the 18th, but I feel, if I undertook it, as if I shd be writing a history of my own exploits! I will however just mark the Return of the Cavalry operations. The maneuvers were very few. It was almost all straight Ground Infantry. I kept them chief in 2d line to the Infantry & fell upon the French Cavalry whenever it attempted to penetrate.
"The most destructive attack was made perhaps about 2 O'ck. upon 2 very large masses of Infantry & Cavalry that tried to force our Center. I ordered Sir W. Ponsonby (that most gallant officer & excellent fellow) to fall upon them with his Brigade, nearly at the same moment when I took down Lt Ed Somerset with the Household Brigade for the same purpose. Both succeeded to the utmost & overthrew every thing before them. 2 Eagles & above 2500 prisoners were taken in their Charges. They overthrew the Cavalry & penetrated into the squares of Infantry & really destroyed an immense number of men. They followed too far & suffered most severely principally from the enemys Atillery.
"Sir W. Dornberg's Brigade was very much exposed & constantly engaged during the day & charged very frequently & with constant success. Sir C. Grant was upon the right & his Brigade was very much exposed during the whole day & frequently & most gallantly repulsed the enemy's advance. It was this Brigade I sent to get upon the Enemy's Left flank where they had 3 Regts of Lancers & ? ? that flanked & greatly annoyed our Right. The movement was most judiciously made & Grant was about to fall on, when he received a very heavy attack made upon our Centre & fearing that in the Event of its success, which was more than probable from the immense force of Cuirassiers that were heading it & knowing how little Cavalry we had there he, after having forced the Enemy to withdraw, immediately returned within our position. Colonel Arenschild's Brigade was also occasionally engaged & in the Evening Sir O. Vandeleur's & Sir H. Vivians men brought from the left & arrived at the critical moment when the enemy were giving way in all directions & they attacked with great vigour & did them great mischief. Sir C. Grants & Baron Dornberg's joined in the pursuit. The Dutch & Belgian Cavalry & ? were also in line & engaged & suffered a good deal. All the Horse Artillery was in position, did great execution & suffered greatly. This a dull & a very imperfect sketch of the movements of the Cavalry & H. Artillery & I beg you to consider it as totally & entirely for your private Eye. If you want more interesting details & individual exploits I know no one to whom you can better apply that to my Aid de Camp Captn Wildman of the 7th who has heard all the stories & will not object to telling them. He is at Steven's Broad St. As for the Infantry I say nothing because you have much better sources of information, but this I will say that no Coolness, Gallantry Steadiness, ? ever equalled theirs & their several Chiefs & our great Chiefs. I dwell at this moment with wonder at all I witnessed in them."
• FitzRoy Somerset to [Alexander Allan?], January 17, 1816, 3 pp.
"I inclose a Copy of the Return which I made out some little time before the battle of Waterloo & which I told you I would get for you from Davis. I hope it will be as useful to you as you are welcome to it. Lady FitzRoy desires to be kindly remembered to you."
"I add a little Memorandum of our probable force on the 18th In the calculation of our loss on the 16 & 17 I have allowed a little for panick."
"Grand Total of the present Return 75975
Not in action of Colville's Divn – two Brigades 4330
With Prince F. of Orange Dutch Infy 10400
With Do Estorff's Brigade of Caly at Braine la Leud 937
Dutch Divn belonging to the left Corps 6000
Probable loss & Casualties between the 16th & 18th 4000 25667
Probable force on the 18th 50,308"
FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan (1788-1855) was a junior British Army officer in the Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns. In the latter, he served as military secretary to the Duke of Wellington. Forty years later, he commanded British troops in the Crimean War. His unclear orders led to the fateful Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. The anxieties of the siege of Sevastopol and the accusations of the British press for the suffering of his forces led to depression, which combined with dysentery, caused his death in June 1855.
• Arthur Wellesley to Alexander Allan, June 22, 1806, 4 pp.
"My Dear Allan
"I find that Mr Paul does not propose to go to examine Sir James Craig till Tuesday. indeed I am doubtful whether he will examine him on that day, & whether he will examine him at all or not.
"But if he should examine him I am very doubtful whether I ought to ask Sir James Craig any question regarding his Private Correspondence with Lord Wellesley. At all events it will be very difficult to bring forward any opinion upon parts of that Correspondence, without producing the whole of it; & I acknowledge that however desirous I may be to derive support from Sir James Craig's opinion of many parts of the questions under discussion, & however creditable to his abilities, to his knowledge of the Country which was the scene of his operations & of his zeal for the Interests of Great Britain, is the whole of this correspondence, there are parts of it upon the system of defence for the frontier, upon the qualities & system & state of discipline of our troops, & upon our situation in [India?] in general, which I should not wish to see published; & I prefer to forego the advantage which we should derive from the publication of parts of the correspondence, supposing Sir James to be willing that they should be published, to running any risk by the publication of the whole.
"I am desirous however to shew to some of our friends in Parlt some Extracts from Sir James' letters, which I ?. Your knowledge of the subject wh points out ? how important they are, as containing such opinions from so respectable a quarter. I shall be obliged ? if you will ask Sir James, whether he has any objection to my making that use of them; & at the same time with very best respects inform him that I have been prevented from calling upon him hitherto by the knowledge which I had that Mr Paul intended to examine him, & by the fears which I entertained that it might have been supposed that I had visited him, with a view to converse with him on the subject under discussion by the House of Commons.
"Believe me Dear Allan Ever Yours' most sincerely Arthur Wellesley"
• Duke of Wellington to Alexander Allan, January 9, 1814, 2 pp.
"My Dear Allan
"Lowe has informed me of your having become a candidate for a vacancy in the Direction; and I sincerely hope that if you should think it in my power to be of any use to you in attaining your object you will let me know it. I wish you success, not only from the Regard which I have always felt for you, but from the conviction which I feel that from your knowledge & experience in the affairs of India & your other good qualities you are better qualified than anybody I know to be of use in superintending the Govt of a Country for which I shall always feel an Interest. Believe me Ever Yours' most sincerely Wellington"
Allan served as a director of the East India Company from 1814 to 1817 and 1819 to 1820.
• Duke of Wellington to Alexander Allan, n.d. (ca. 1814), 2 pp.
"I am very happy to assure you that I have received such favorable answers to all my applications that I only regret that I was not acquainted with every voter for the Directory. I enclose you Mrs Augustines note. Mr Thornbell has promised to do every thing in his power. Col Towns alone would not make any promise for reasons that I fear are good ones. With every hope, and earnest wishes for your brilliant success."
• Duke of Wellington to Alexander Allan, March 17, 1820, 3 pp.
"Private & confidential
"London March 17th 1820
"My Dear Allan
"We are very anxious respecting the Middlesex Election, & we know that there is a good of Interest in the India House of one kind or other.
"The Present Chairman is understood to be Hostile Govt and it is feared therefore that all this Interest will go for Whitbread & against Mellish.
"I need not tell you what an acceptable service you would render if you can Detour this Interest in the right channel. I am going out of town myself tomorrow, but I shall be very much oblighed to you if you will call in the morning upon Arbuthnot. You will find him ? twelve oclock at the Board of Control Office.
"Believe me every your's most sincerely Wellington"
In the March 17, 1820, election for two representatives in the House of Commons from Middlesex, incumbent Whig George Byng received 4,004 votes, Whig Samuel Charles Whitbread received 3,585, and incumbent Tory William Mellish received 3,093.
• Duchess of Wellington to Alexander Allan, n.d., 3 pp.
"The more I think of the Prize that I have so unfairly and so violently wrested from you, the more conscious I am that I ought to restore it to you, but indeed Colo Allan I cannot do it! When he was only Arthur Wesley, years before he was considered as he now is, before his greatness was even suspected, I loved him with all my heart and soul! And I have loved him straight on from the time I first knew him (I was then 15) to the present hour and for so of those in silence, without hope, without once hearing his name, without having any reason to believe that he preserved the slightest recollection of me. Yet this rooted affection for the first partner of my ?ing days, for as yet he was nothing more to me, never wavered. Can you then regret ?ing me ? the Picture of Arthur Wesley? I will now acknowledge that I really mistook you, and that I want to [suppress?] with the impression of my mind that if the likeness was striking to me that I had your consent to secure it & I saw my mistake yesterday with great regret, and I shall feel by no means at ease till I receive your answer."
• Marc-René-Anne Marie Montalembert to Alexander Allan, February [21?], 1809, 2 pp.
"It was from Astorga, as far as I can remember that General Craufurd was sent to Pontferrada. At this Place I was sent to him from Bembibre one Stage (7 Leagues) from Astorga, with orders to proceed to Orense, instead of joining the main Body at Villa framen, as was I suppose originally intended It was the day before the Action of Villa framen, for on my return, having slept at Ponferrada, I was nearly cut off by a French Patrol near Caleabellas. The Date of that Action is, I think, marked on my map.
"I know not on what Day Beresford marched toward Vigo. Frazer's Division in which he was, was the Head of the Army as we retired; and as I was all the time with the rear Guard (the Reserve) I of course know nothing of what was taking place with frazers, particularly as he was at least always 12 Leagues from us.
"It was from Lugo that Beresford marched towards St Iago and Vigo."
This letter details some of the actions of British and Portuguese forces under Major-General Robert Craufurd (1764-1812) and General William Carr Beresford (1768-1854) as they retreated from Napoleon's overwhelming forces in northwestern Spain in December 1808 and January 1809. The British lost 7,000 men during the campaign but managed to return 26,000 to Britain.
The Marquis of Montalembert (1777-1831) was born in Paris but emigrated to Great Britain in 1792 and joined the English army in 1799. He served in Egypt, the East Indies, Spain, and Portugal. In 1814, he announced to King Louis XVIII his return to the throne of France. Montalembert later served in several diplomatic positions.
• Alexander Allan to John Sullivan, July 26, [1813?], 2 pp.
"There is an end to all political connexion between Lord Wellesley & Mr Canning. Their separation is amicable, but final."
"Lord W. is now perfectly free, and I trust and hope that a reconciliation will take place between him and H. M. Ministers. Agreeing with them in political principle, (Upon the Catholic Question every person is at liberty to act upon his individual opinion), warmly attached to most of them, particularly Lord B. & Lord S. their re-union in politics & friendship must be desired by all their mutual friends."
"I believe our sentiments on this subject are the same, and as I know no man more likely than yourself, I hope you will endeavour to lay the ground for a cordial reconciliation. Lord Wellington and Lord Wellesley ought to be attached to the same party."
John Sullivan (1749-1839) served as a colonial administrator in India before returning to Great Britain in 1785. He served as a Member of Parliament from various constituencies between 1790 and 1818.
Allan had served as an aide to Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley (1760-1842), early in the period that Wellesley served as the fifth Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805.
George Canning (1770-1827) was a British Tory Statesman, who served as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1807 to 1809 and again from 1822 to 1827. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for the last four months of his life in 1827.
• Alexander Allan to Robert Hobart, Earl of Buckinghamshire, July 26, 1813, 2 pp.
"You know that I have deeply lamented that Lord Wellesley attached himself to Mr Canning, because I have always considered it the principal bar to the junction of Lord W. with the present Cabinet. I rejoice therefore that there is an end of their political connexion (unfortunate for Lord W, but which has been dissolved without any breach of private friendship) professed to stand upon principles of perfect independence; yet in point of fact each party felt itself bound in honor to attend to the interests of the other. There is now an end of all this, and Lord W. is free to act, not only without concert with Canning, but without any communication with him or even his knowledge."
"I am willing to hope it may not even now be too late to bring about a re-union between Lord W. and the present Administration. This is an event which you are aware I have long had at heart, and I shall never cease to do every thing in my power (humble as my efforts may be) to promote an object which on public and private grounds, I most anxiously desire."
Allan served as an aide to Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire (1760-1816), when Hobart served as governor of Madras, British India (1793-1798).
• Alexander Allan to Viscount Sidmouth, July 26, 1813, 2 pp.
"The unreserved and confidential conversation I had with your Lordship last Autumn regarding Lord Wellesley & Mr Canning, and the handsome terms in which your Lordship expressed your regard from Lord W. Lord Wellington, Mr Pole & Sir Henry Wellesley, will account for my not losing a moment in acquainting your Lordship that a final separation has taken place between Lord W. & Mr C and that there is an end of their political connexion."
"That obstacle now happily removed, I cannot help flattering myself that the hope which I have long cherished will be realized, and that I shall see Lord W. a member of the same Cabinet with your Lordship and Lord Buckinghamshire. You are united in friendship, and ought to be in politics."
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth (1757-1844) served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804. From 1812 to 1822, he served as Home Secretary. As a Member of Parliament, Allan generally supported Sidmouth.
• William Knighton to [Alexander Allan?], April 12, 1816, 3 pp.
"In the most painful and bitter afflictions, how often do we observe the Wisdom, the Justice, and the Mercy of the Almighty, by turning our Sorrows into feelings of Consolation. This has been happily marked in this long and painful Illness. Dear Mrs Allan was sensible that her last days were approaching, and used them in a manner so purely ?, as to leave no doubt of the natural excellence of her mind. In this Illness also, she had an opportunity, for the last time, of seeing how well her affections had been bestowed; on one, whose conduct, no accident of Life, time, or place, can ever make me forget; and whose qualities of Heart every Man must wish to possess or imitate."
• [Franz von] Kuefstein to [Alexander Allan?], August 28, 1818, Vienna, Austria, in French, 1 p.
Translation: "I made it a duty, my dear friend (despite the short duration of your stay in Vienna, you will surely want to permit me to call you thus), of directing the post office to have any letters that might be at your address held back; there were the three ones included that I transmit to you in Genoa; assuring you that I feel much regret at your departure; that I had the pleasure of making your acquaintance as well as that of Mr. Captain Cotton; I do not renounce the hope of seeing you again one day and of visiting longer with you, so that you will be able to talk to me about your interesting country, and I will tell you all the imaginable good of my own [country] to punish you for hastening so much to quit it, and perhaps of determining if you will return when the noble and important duty of speaking for the good of your country permits you to leave England. I beg you to recall me to the memory of dear Captain Cotton, and I dare to hope that you will want to conserve me a little place in your own."
• [Ruiyer?] to Alexander Allan, February 6, 1820, Stuttgart, 3 pp.
"It seems that the energetic measures of Government have soon restablished order in your happy Country. It is not so, all over Germany, and discontent predominates allmost everywhere, except in Wurttemberg, where by the generosity of our much beloved King, we enjoy of a constitution free enough, to content every rational man. I am extremely sorry that Mr Wagner is about to leave England, and more so, as I cannot recommend to you his successor, who is too much of a Beau – or Dandy as you call it in english he was with me in the Campaigns of 14 and 15 as acting aide de camp, and I know him therefore very well."
"As I know your regard for our departed, and ever to be lamented Queen, I send you inclosed a little medal, because I think the likeness very great."
Catherine Pavlovna (1788-1819) was a daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia and Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. She became the Queen of Württemberg after her marriage in 1814 to her first cousin Crown Prince William (1781-1864) and his accession to the throne as King William I of Württemberg in 1816. After taking office, he initiated substantial reforms that led to a new constitution approved by the Estates of Württemberg in September 1819.
Jean-Emile de Wagner had been the Chargé d'Affaires of the Kingdom of Württemberg in London.
• John P. Burrell to [Thomas?] Fitzgerald, October 10, 1842, 2 pp.
"You were so kind as to say, some time ago, that you would again lend me the Prussian account of the campaign in Flanders which contains the original Bulletin of the battle of Waterloo in German. As the last quarterly contains an article 'The Life of Blücher' which has revived the interest in the details of that extraordinary battle, I am very desirous of getting forward my long intended publication of all chief official bulletins of the battle. Could you by a safe hand send me the Prussian bulletin."
"Marshal Forwards; or Life, Actions, and Character of Prince Blücher von Wahlstadt" appeared in The Quarterly Review 70 (September 1842): 446-85.
Barrister John Palfrey Burrell (1773-1859) edited and published Official Bulletins of the Battle of Waterloo, in the Original Languages, with Translations in 1849.
• William Boone to Thomas Fitzgerald, August 8, 1845, 2 pp.
"Capn Sibourne has been with me again, and says that he will be greatly obliged if you can favour him with a sight of the correspondence alluded to in the Journal, as there are many points, which although not material in themselves, affect, or lead, to important results, and the captain considers the Journal and the letters of too much authority, not to be very deeply considered."
Historical Background
The Battle of Waterloo was the climax of Napoleon Bonaparte's Hundred Days resurgence after he escaped from exile on Elba. Fought on Sunday, June 18, 1815, the battle marked the end of Napoleon's return to power in France and the victory of two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition. An army led by Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington consisted of forces from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, and cooperated with a Prussian army led by Field Marshal von Blücher to defeat Napoleon's army near the village of Waterloo in Belgium.
Napoleon had divided his forces, sending a third of them after the Prussian army, the rear guard of which fought the French at the Battle of Wavre on June 18-19, but those French forces could not participate in the Battle of Waterloo. A small portion of the French army attacked the allies at the Battle of Quatre Bras on June 16. Although the allied army held its ground, the withdrawal of the Prussians led Wellington to withdraw to Waterloo. Learning that the Prussians could support him, Wellington took a stand near Waterloo. The allied army repelled repeated French assaults, and the arriving Prussians attacked the French right flank. In the evening, Napoleon committed his last reserves, the French Imperial Guard. As the Prussians continued their attack on the French flank, the allied army under Wellington's command repulsed the Imperial Guard and routed the French army.
Four days later, Napoleon abdicated, and the forces of the Seventh Coalition entered Paris on July 7. This battle led to the end of decades of European wars and began a decades-long Pax Britannica. Louis XVIII returned to the French throne, and Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821. The Treaty of Paris was signed on November 20, 1815.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) was born in Dublin and commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787. He served as an aide to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland and was elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons. By 1796, he had achieved the rank of colonel and served in the Netherlands and in India during the Fourth Mysore War. He served as governor of Seringapatam and Mysore from 1799 and won a decisive victory over the Maratha Confederacy in 1803. He returned to Europe and gained prominence during the Peninsular Campaign in the Napoleonic Wars. After leading allied forces to victory at the Battle of Vitoria in Spain in 1813, Wellesley was made a field marshal. After Napoleon's exile, he served as the United Kingdom's ambassador to France and became the Duke of Wellington. During Napoleon's Hundred Days resurgence in 1815, Wellington commanded the allied army that defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in coordination with a Prussian Army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. Over approximately sixty battles in his military career, Wellington became famous for his adaptive defensive style of warfare. He returned to politics after his military career and briefly served as prime minister with the Tory Party from 1828 to 1830 and in 1834. He retired from the House of Lords in 1846 but remained Commander-in-Chief of the British Army until his death.
Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey (1768-1854) was born in London and became a British Army officer and politician. He was known as Lord Paget from 1784 to 1812 and the Earl of Uxbridge from 1812 to 1815. He served in Parliament from various constituencies from 1796 to 1804 and 1806 to 1810. In 1809, he scandalously left his wife with whom he had eight children and eloped with Lady Charlotte Cadogan, the wife of Henry Wellesley (younger brother of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington). His first wife divorced him, and he married Charlotte, with whom he had ten children over the next fifteen years. During the Peninsular Campaign in the Napoleonic Wars, Uxbridge commanded the cavalry of Sir John Moore's army in Spain. During Napoleon's Hundred Days resurgence, Uxbridge led the charge of the heavy cavalry against Comte d'Erlon's column at the Battle of Waterloo. At the end of the battle, Uxbridge lost part of one of his legs to a cannonball. He later twice served as Master-General of the Ordnance and twice as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Alexander Allan, 1st Baronet (ca. 1764-1820) joined the East India Company as a cadet in 1779 and had been promoted to captain in the Madras Army when he served in the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars (1790-1799) in India. In the Fourth Mysore War, he served as Deputy Quartermaster General and painted numerous watercolors of the campaign. After returning to England, he served as a Member of Parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1803 to 1806 and 1807 to 1820. He served as a director of the East India Company from 1814 to 1817 and again from 1819 to his death. He was made a baronet on September 18, 1819, of Kingsgate in the County of Kent. The title became extinct upon his death in 1820. He never married.
This item comes with a Certificate from John Reznikoff, a premier authenticator for both major 3rd party authentication services, PSA and JSA (James Spence Authentications), as well as numerous auction houses.
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